Migration and Health

African, Caribbean, and Black im/migrant women experience a disproportionate burden of HIV relative to people born in Canada, yet there is scarce empirical evidence about the social and structural barriers that influence access to HIV care. The objectives of this study is to estimate associations between African, Caribbean, and Black background and stigma and non-consensual HIV disclosure outcomes, and to understand how experiences of stigma and im/migration trajectories shape access to HIV care and peer supports among African, Caribbean, and Black im/migrant women living with HIV in Canada.

Leaflet summarising the functioning of the South African Health System, the laws governing access to healthcare and what it means for migrants and refugees.

Guide for foreign students in Spain on how to access HIV care and treatment. The guide is also available in English, French, Portuguese; Russian, Romanian, Arabic, and Wolof

Guide for non-nationals on how to access HIV treatment and care in Spain.

The guide is available in English, French, Russian, Romanian, Arabic and Wolof

Socio-cultural determinants of access to healthcare for migrants in Morocco (This report is in French)

The aim of this study is firstly to cross-reference the data collected from three groups (migrants, staff from civil society associations and healthcare professionals), and then with other data collected as part of a pre-study aimed at documenting the living conditions and effects of the Covid-19 situation on sub-Saharan migrants. This triangulation of data made it possible to qualify the initial findings and to propose a more exhaustive and representative description of the main social determinants that influence and limit sub-Saharan migrants' access to healthcare services in Morocco, namely those linked to the migration experience (route and migration status) and living conditions (employment and working conditions, employment and income security, food and food security, social protection, quality and affordable housing).
The proposed recommendations come from both the research team and the project partners. They are addressed to public decision-makers, Moroccan civil society organisations, international organisations and the various players involved in the governance and practice of healthcare professions. They are intended to help adapt the interventions and actions of the various structures and people working with these populations, so as to guarantee their right to health.

French summary: Cette étude se propose d'abord de croiser les données recueillies auprès de trois groupes entre elles (personnes migrantes, personnels des associations de la société civile et professionnel.le.s de la santé) , puis avec d’autres données recueillies dans le cadre d’une pré-étude visant à documenter les conditions de vie et les effets de la situation du Covid-19 sur les personnes migrantes subsahariennes. Cette triangulation des données a permis de nuancer les constats de départ et de proposer une description plus exhaustive et plus représentative des principaux déterminants sociaux qui influencent et limitent l’accès des personnes migrantes subsahariennes aux services de santé au Maroc, à savoir ceux liés à l’expérience migratoire (parcours et statut migratoire) et aux conditions de vie (l’emploi et les conditions de travail, l’emploi et la sécurité de revenu, l’alimentation et la sécurité alimentaire, la protection sociale, le logement, de qualité et abordable).
Les recommandations proposées proviennent aussi bien de l’équipe de recherche que des partenaires du projet. Elles sont adressées aux décideurs publics, aux organisations de la société civile marocaine, aux organisations internationales et aux divers acteurs et actrices, agissant dans la gouvernance et la pratique des métiers de santé. Elles ont pour vocation d’aider à adapter les interventions et les actions des diverses structures et personnes intervenant auprès de ces populations, de manière à garantir leur droit à la santé.

This study examined barriers and facilitators influencing the use of HIV testing services among heterosexual migrants in the Netherlands. The research involved qualitative interviews with 12 migrants from low- and middle-income countries and key informants from the health sector, along with a focus group. The study concluded that low HIV testing uptake among migrants was influenced by limited access to services, lack of information, and low perceived risk. Improvements in service accessibility and communication could enhance testing rates among this group.

This document provides an overview of key considerations for the provision of the HIV continuum of care in the context of displaced people from Ukraine in the EU/EEA. This document has two aims: firstly, to outline what is known of the Ukrainian HIV epidemic, and secondly, to use the HIV continuum of care as a framework to set out suggestions based on published evidence and expert opinion on the management of the HIV continuum of care, with special consideration for people living with HIV from Ukraine. The document will also address the needs of those at risk of acquiring HIV. The main findings of this document were presented during an ECDC.

This toolkit offers resources and practical information for migrant health advocates working to improve the HIV-related health outcomes of migrants in precarious circumstances across the European region. These materials can be used when working directly with migrants or when engaging in HIV-, healthcare- and/or immigration-related advocacy. This toolkit draws on content from AAF and Mi-Health Europe’s annual training programme for migrant health advocates, Mi-Care.

This cross-sectional study focused on ≥ 18-year-old MSM born outside France, receiving HIV care in the Paris region. Information on migration history, socioeconomic condition, sexual activity, and health was collected in May 2021–June 2022 through self-administered questionnaires and medical records. Post-migration-HIV-acquisition rate and delay between arrival in France and HIV acquisition were estimated from biographical data and CD4⁺ T-cell counts. Predictors of HIV acquisition within 1 year after migration were determined using logistic regression.

The study provides an overview of the international experience regarding the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy and its economic benefits for countries, as well as comparative studies on HIV detection in the resident population and migrants. Also available in Russian.

The report presents the result of social research to study the access of foreigners living with HIV to health services in the Russian Federation. Also available in Russian.

This Page is intended to provide the information needed to ensure HIV medical care and treatment is not interrupted. The self-help guide "Living with HIV in Ireland" was being updated at the time of writing.

This study intends to provide a brief context of the current situation of migrants’ health rights, primarily by looking at the progression of HIV and AIDS related policies and practices over time.

A review of the available data to provide recommendations for improved health-systems responses to migration and health in the country. The review draws on experience in relevant policy processes.

Presents the results of a situational and economic analysis conducted in 2021-2022, which examined the availability of health care to HIV-positive migrants temporarily residing in the Republic of Kazakhstan, and analysed the barriers and trajectories of their overcoming in access to health care for international migrants living with HIV.

Identifies possible barriers for newly settled PLHIV in accessing HIV diagnosis and treatment, given the substantial number of migrants arriving in Georgia. Makes recommandations.

The Study project aimed to gain an understanding of the legal and institutional barriers to receive HIV/TB care and treatment the citizens of Azerbaijan face when they return home from migration. Also, along with the legal and institutional barriers, understanding of the socio-cultural barriers to receive HIV/TB care and treatment the citizens of the foreign countries when they come to Azerbaijan as a migrant.

Argues that mandatory HIV testing of migrant workers violates their fundamental human rights and is not a cost-effective means of preventing the spread of HIV transmission or mitigating the impacts of the epidemic. Mandatory HIV testing for employment purposes is discriminatory and violates privacy rights protected under international human rights law.

This study aims to estimate the timing of post-migration HIV acquisition among sub-Saharan migrants in France and to understand the correlates of post-migration infection.

Discusses the effect of enhanced immigration enforcement on the health and wellbeing of HIV-infected immigrants, and on public health. Finally, it also discusses recommendations for clinicians, immigration authorities, and public health institutions in the USA and in receiving countries.

Infosheet - Summarises advocacy work of IOM with case studies.

The aim of this report is to document the various barriers to care and treatment access, to highlight the service  pathways used by people to gain access to healthcare, and to explore possible short- and long-term solutions to help people, to make the healthcare system fairer and to reduce inequalities. The report is in French.

This report provides an analysis of the underlying issues around health and HIV in the context of labour migration. An overview of contemporary migration, with a focus on labour migration, is provided as basis to frame the discussion.

Examines the state of health protection for migrants in the context of labour migration: describes legal and institutional barriers for labour migrants living with HIV within the country; analyses the national policies on health and migration, and analyses the activities of civil society organisations aimed at protecting the health of labour migrants.

Available in 17 languages, the Bilingual Health Books are designed to help everyone better understand the French health protection system, rights and procedures. They cover the main health issues and provide practical information for everyday life.

This report explores the barriers migrants face accessing HIV testing, treatment and care and makes recommendations to improve the health outcomes and quality of life of migrants living with or at risk of HIV in the UK.

Cross-sectional study to identify factors associated with history of deportation from the U.S. to Mexico among HIV-positive Latinos.

This paper examines the HIV/AIDS situation in Pakistan, focusing on the Sindh province where the majority of cases have been reported. It highlights several risk factors, including migration, commercial sex work, and unsafe medical practices. The study, conducted by the Sindh AIDS Control Programme, found that a significant portion of HIV/AIDS cases from 1996 to 1998 were among workers deported from Gulf countries.